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Melanom je zloćudni tumor kože koji nastaje iz melanocita – specijaliziranih stanica koje proizvode melanin . Ove se stanice nalaze u dubokom sloju epidermisa – površinskog sloja kože, ali ih ima i u sluznicama, oku, unutarnjem uhu i ovojnicama središnjeg živčanog sustava. Melanin kojega proizvode melanociti prirodni je pigment, po strukturi bjelančevina, koji daje boju koži, kosi i očima. Postoje dvije vrste melanina – eumelanin i feomelanin , a upravo zbog različite količine i vrste melanina razlikuju se put te boja očiju i kose u različitih tipova ljudi. Osobe tamnijeg kompleksa imaju više eumelanina, dok one svjetlijeg kompleksa imaju više feomelanina. Eumelanin u koži djeluje protektivno na štetno djelovanje Sunčevog ultraljubičastog zračenja, dok feomelanin nema tu sposobnost. Upravo zbog toga su osobe svjetlijeg kompleksa sklonije razvoju opeklina, novotvorina na koži i drugih štetnih posljedica UV zračenja od onih tamnije puti . U melanocitima u koži melanin se stvara pod utjecajem UV (ultraljubičastog) zračenja, posljedično čemu koža poprima tamniju boju. Large-scale studies, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas, have characterized recurrent somatic alterations likely driving initiation and development of cutaneous melanoma. The Cancer Genome Atlas study has established four subtypes: BRAF mutant, RAS mutant, NF1 mutant, and triple wild-type. [60] In the European Union, interferon is usually not used outside the scope of clinical trials. [122] [123] Chemotherapy [ edit ]

Melanoma - Wikipedia

a b Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR (December 2011). "Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma". Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 30 (4): 222–8. doi: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003. PMID 22123420. Nahhas, A. F., et al. (2018). The potential role of antioxidants in mitigating skin hyperpigmentation resulting from ultraviolet and visible light-induced oxidative stress.

The risk of melanoma increases as people age. The average age of people when the disease is diagnosed is 63. [157] History [ edit ]

THE MENALON TRAIL: All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (with

Ongoing research is looking at treatment by adoptive cell transfer. [137]Adoptive cell transfer refers to the application of pre-stimulated, modified T cells or dendritic cells and is presently used to minimize complications from graft-versus-host disease. [134] [138]

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Superficial spreading melanomas and acral lentiginous melanomas can be either in situ or invasive, [88] but acral lentiginous melanomas are almost always invasive. [89] Staging [ edit ] Your doctor may advise adjuvant treatment following surgery, to reduce the risk of melanoma returning, this could include: - Targeted therapy (dabrafenib and trametinib combination treatment) 47 - Radiotherapy (uncommon) About 200 genes are prognostic in melanoma, with both unfavorable genes where high expression is correlated to poor survival and favorable genes where high expression is associated with longer survival times. Examples of unfavorable genes are MCM6 and TIMELESS; an example of a favorable gene is WIPI1. [51] [52]

Melanom - rizici, rano otkrivanje i liječenje - PLIVAzdravlje Melanom - rizici, rano otkrivanje i liječenje - PLIVAzdravlje

A family history of melanoma greatly increases a person's risk, because mutations in several genes have been found in melanoma-prone families. [39] [18] People with a history of one melanoma are at increased risk of developing a second primary tumor. [40] At times, a person can have too little melanin in the skin. This results in the skin becoming lighter. Healthcare professionals may refer to this as hypopigmentation.Some melanocytic nevi, and melanoma-in-situ ( lentigo maligna) have resolved with an experimental treatment, imiquimod (Aldara) topical cream, an immune enhancing agent. Some derma-surgeons are combining the 2 methods: surgically excising the cancer and then treating the area with Aldara cream postoperatively for three months. While some studies have suggested the adjuvant use of topical tazarotene, the current evidence is insufficient to recommend it and suggests that it increases topical inflammation, leading to lower patient compliance. [140] Radiation [ edit ]