Archaeologists unearthed a pot of copper coins in first major discovery at Mohenjo Daro in Pakistan, in 93 years Best of the Web: Ancient Sumerians invented water flumes thousands of years earlier than previously thought Working on a branch of physics called supersymmetry, Dr. James Gates Jr., discovered what he describes as the presence of what appear to resemble a form of computer code, called error correcting codes, embedded within, or resulting from, the equations of supersymmetry that describe fundamental particles. Contraceptives may slow brain development and increase risk-taking behavior in teens, study suggests SOTT Focus: MindMatters: Psychedelics, Sobriety, and Altered States: Processing Reality with John Buchanan

Full size image The vibrissal system is not required for head direction cell tuning in blind animals in the open-field environment listo] Expertos plantean temores de salud pública sobre el síndrome de microondas de las antenas 5G Here is an excerpt from my article titled How Frequency and Vibration Create Sacred Geometry and the Structures of Matter and Life that explains this process a little deeper:Earliest evidence for mass production of weapons in southern Levant discovered, sling stones dated to 7,200 years ago

Putin: Russophobia, racism and other forms of neo-Nazism have become the official ideology of Western elites The brain has dedicated systems for generating spatial awareness and guiding spatial navigation. In rodents, some of the most studied components of the brain’s spatial awareness system include place cells 2, grid cells 8, and head direction cells 9—although other complementary spatially-tuned cells also exist 7. To examine the effect of vision loss on part of the brain’s spatial navigation system, we decided to focus on head direction (HD) cells in the anterior dorsal nucleus (ADn) of the thalamus, where the spike rate of a majority of neurons is modulated by head direction 10, 11, but the stability of the system following vision loss has not been explored. Scandalous: How the UK government shut down its Ethics Committee after it tried to intervene on the vaccination of children We next examined the effect that olfactory ablation had on HD cells in blind animals. To test this, used an alternative method to reliably identify HD cells in ADn regardless of whether or not they exhibited strong tuning preferences for head direction. Previous work 50 noted that HD cells in ADn exhibit highly distinctive autocorrelograms. Similarly, we found that HD cells in ADn maintain their distinctive autocorrelograms in blind animals and following OSN ablation (Fig. 5f, Supplementary Fig. 5). Following Veijo and Peyrache 50, we implemented a machine learning approach, using Extreme Gradient Boosting 51 (XGB) to classify neurons as either HD or non-HD cells based on the shape of their autocorrelogram. First, we used our standard method to define cells as either HD cells (which rely on cells having highly selective preferred firing directions for a given head direction; see Methods) or non-HD cells, and trained the classifier using an equal number of HD and non-HD cells from WT L mice. To assess model generalizability, here, the classifier was validated on data from blind controls (pooled rd1 and Gnat1/2 mut mice; Fig. 5g). Furthermore, the classifier characterized a similar percentage of cells in ADn in blind animals with intact OSNs and following OSN ablation (Fig. 5h; see Methods). We, therefore, used the classifier to define HD cells in ADn of blind mice following OSN ablation, allowing us to compare their response properties with HD cells in blind animals with intact OSNs. By using the same model to identify HD cells in blind controls and OSN ablated animals, we found that OSN ablation led to a significant decrease in vector length (Fig. 5i). These results indicate that removing olfaction from blind animals results in untuned HD cells in ADn. Olfaction can modulate HD cell tuning in sighted animalsUK suffering highest gonorrhea cases since records began 100 years ago, NHS dept pushes for vaccine program We find that—for normally sighted and blind animals—the removal of both visual and olfactory inputs causes the ‘hill of activity’ within HD attractor network to drift independently from the animal’s true head direction (i.e. the preferred direction of all simultaneously recorded cells drifts coherently). For some animals, there was a significant correlation between angular head velocity and angular drift velocity of PFDs. Furthermore, we found that in the absence of vision and olfaction, the decoded angular velocity (AHV) under-signaled the true AHV. To eliminate (or at least greatly reduce) the sense of smell, OSNs were chemically ablated based on established methods 48, 92. In brief, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane after which a blunted 33-gauge needle was used to administer 20 μl of ZnSO4 (10 % in sterile H 2O) in both nostrils. Previous work has shown that this leads to the rapid death of OSNs 48, 92. After intranasally administering the chemical, mice were inverted to drain the excess fluid from the nasal cavity. Behavioral and electrophysiological recordings were carried out at least 24 h following OSN ablation. 2-Chamber olfactory test